BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE INJURIES-Some Reminders

Some Reminders
• If you suspect that the victim has a dislocation or broken bone, and there is severe bleeding, call emergency medical assistance.
• If you cannot completely immobilize the injury at the scene by yourself, call emergency medical assistance.
• Do not move the victim unless the injured area is totally immobilized.
• Do not move a victim with an injured hip, pelvis or upper leg unless it is absolutely necessary. If you must move the victim immediately, use the clothes drag technique.
• Do not attempt to straighten a misshapen bone or joint or change its position.
• Do not test a misshapen bone or joint for loss of function.
• Do not give the victim anything by mouth.

First Aid

• Check the victim’s ABCs. Open the airway; check breathing and circulation. If necessary, begin rescue breathing, CPR, or bleeding control.
• Keep the victim still
• If the skin is pierced by broken bone, or if you suspect there maybe a broken bone beneath an open wound, take steps to prevent infection. Do not breath on the would and do not wash or probe it. Cover t with sterile dressing before immobilized the injury.
• Splint or sling the injury in the position which you found it. It is important to immobilize area both above and below the injured joint and check the circulation of the affected area after immobilizing.
• Take steps to prevent shock. May the victim flat, elevate his/her feet 8 to 12 inches, and cover the victim with a coat or blanket. Do not place the victim in the shock position if you suspect any head, neck, back, or leg injury or if the position causes the victim discomfort.
• Get medical help.

BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE INJURIES-First Aid

First Aid for Muscle cramps

1. Have the victim stretched out the affected muscle to counteract the cramp
2. Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently
3. Apply heat. Use a heating pad or a hot water bottle wrapped in cloth
4. Get medical help if cramps persist

First Aid Muscle Strain (pulled muscle)

1. Apply cold compressor at once. Reapply every 3 to 4 hours for the first 24 hours.
2. Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and bleeding within the muscle.
3. Get medical help if the victim is in great pain or if a body part is not working properly

Some reminders

• If the muscle feels better after 24 hours, apply heat as often as possible for the next 3 to 4 days.
• Do not apply direct heat to skin.
• If the problem has not improved in 24 hours get medical help.
• A strained muscle should not be as long as it is painful.

First Aid for Sprain

1. Remove all clothing or jewelry around the joint.
2. Apply cold compress at once. Reapply them as often as possible.
3. Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing. Do not move the injured part for at least 24 hours.
4. The victim physician may recommend an over the counter anti-inflammatory medication (aspirin, ibuprofen) appropriate for the victim’s general health.

Dislocation of Broken Bone

1. General Information

· If a joint is overstressed, the bones that meet at that joint may get disconnected, or dislocated. When this happens there is usually a torn joint capsule and ligaments and often, nerve injury.

· If more pressure is put on the bone more than it can stand, it will fracture (slit or break). Open fractures (in which bone pierces the skin) can easily become infected.

· If an infant or toddler does not start to use an injured arm or leg within hours of an accident, or if he or she continues to cry when the injured areas is touched, assume the child has a broken bone, and get medical help.

· It is hard to tell a dislocation bone from a broken bone. Both are an emergency. The general aid steps are the same for both.

BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE INJURIES

Musculoskeletal System

Consist of bones, Joints and gives the body a framework and allows movement.

Muscles

Expand and contract and enables us t o move; attached to the bones

Bones

Help support the body, protect some internal organs

Ligaments

Connect bones to each other at flexible joints

Synovium

Produces synovial Fluid to lubricate joints.

Common Causes

1. Vehicular Accident
2. Motorbike
3. Mishandling of tools and equipment
4. Falls- Unbalance Equilibrium
5. Sports

Signs and Symptoms

1. Pain
2. Bruising
3. Swelling
4. Misshapen appearance and Obvious deformity or Fracture
5. Exposed bone
6. Pale, Bluish skin, lose of pulse in an injured limb.
7. Numbness further down the arm or leg

Injuries Involving BONE, JOINT, and MUSCLE

1. Stiff muscle
• Caused by overexertion; ache; sore; no loss of function
2. Tendonitis
• Inflammation of a muscle tendon due to repeated use
3. Muscle Cramp(spasm)
• Sudden Painful tightening of a muscle
4. Muscle strain or pulled muscle
• Sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber during exertion
• Pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of efficient movement.
5. Sprain
• Occurs when joint loosens caused by torn fibers in a ligament
• Painful, swelling, bruising
6. Joint effusion
• Occurs when the synovium fills up with blood
7. Joint Dislocation
• Bones come pit of alignment
• Pain, misshapen appearance, swelling and loss of function
8. Broken bone (Split or Snap)
• Closed fracture- skin is not broken
• Open fracture-one both ends pierce the skin

Shock

A depressed condition of the many body function due to the failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body following seriously injury.

Basic Causes of Shock

ü Pump Failure
The heart fails to act properly as a pump.
ü Relative Hypovolemia
The Blood vessels dilate so that blood within them is insufficient to fill the system and provide efficient perfusion.

Hypovolemia
Blood and plasma can be lost so that the fluid contained within vascular system is insufficient to perfuse to all areas well each minute.


Causes of Shock

1. Severe Bleeding
2. Crushing injures
3. Infection
4. Heart attack
5. Perforation of stomach ulcer
6. Shell bomb or bullet wound
7. Rupture of tubal pregnancy
8. Anaphylaxis
9. Starvation
10. Neurogenic

Factors which contribute to shock

1. P-pain
2. R-rough handling
3. I-improper transfer
4. C-continuous bleeding
5. E-Exposure to extreme cold or excessive heat
6. F-fatigue

Danger of Shock

1. Leads to death-heart failure
2. Predisposes body to infection- Decrease WBC
3. Leads to loss of body parts-no Circulation

Signs and symptoms of shock

Early Stage

1. Face- pale or cyanotic in color
2. Skin-cold and Clammy
3. Breathing- irregular
4. Pulse- rapid & weak
5. Nausea & vomiting
6. weakness
7. Thirsty

Late Stage

1. Apathetic or unresponsive- or Stunning
2. Eyes- Sunken with vacant expression
3. Pupil are dilated
4. Mottled skin appearance
5. Low blood pressure
6. Unconsciousness
7. Body temperature falls

Objective of First Aid

1. To improve circulation of blood.
2. To ensure adequate supply of oxygen.To maintain normal body temperature

First Aid and Preventive Management for Shock

I. Proper position of the Victim

1. Keep the victims lying down flat or safe position.
2. Elevate the lower part of the body a foot or so. In other word improves blood circulation.
3. Placing victim on his back with head and shoulder rose. When there is difficulty of breathing.
4. Keep victim lying on his/her side opposite his/her injury
5. If face is pale raised the feet
6. When face is reddish raised the head inclined little is nearer the heart.

II. Proper Body Heat

1. Maintain Body temperature or must not be perspiring nor chilling.

Poisoning

Is any substance: SOLID, LIQUID or GAS that tends to impair health or cause death when introduced into the body onto the skin surface.

Causes

Common in suicidal attempts
Occasional accidents poisoning

Ways in which poisoning may occur

Ingestion - by mouth
Inhalation - by breathing
Injection - by animal bite
Absorption - by skin contact

Common household POISON

Sleeping pills- overdose or expire
Pain Relievers- Ex.gardan or ponstan
Antiseptics- Betadine
Insect and rodent Poisons
Kerosene
Denatured alcohol
Lye and Acids including boric acid
Poisonous Plants
Contaminated water
Fume

Some Preventive Measure of Poisoning

Keep all drugs and Harmful chemicals locked-up away from children’s reach.
Never take medicine in the dark.
When taking medicine, read the label three times: before, during and after taking the medicine.
Dispose promptly of incomplete prescription drugs and expired medicine.
Do not consume canned goods which have rusty tins and bulging top and bottom.
Transfer immediately liquid contents from tins can after opening.
Do not consume food which has foul odor, usual color, molds, ect.
Refrigerate foods which contain cream, milk, mayonnaise and other mixtures which easily changed flavor when left unrefrigerated.
Educate older children regarding the dangers of poisoning and drugs.

Common sign and Symptoms

Headache; irritability
Chills
Increased Salivation; Pain on swallowing
Dizziness; weakness; drowsiness
Pale skin
fever
Depression
Loss of appetite
Nausea, Abdominal pain; Diarrhea.
Vomiting
Double vision; blurred vision disturbance; pupils unusually large or small
Usual breath odor
Numbness and dryness of the nose or mouth
Skin rash; Chemical burns on skin
Chemical Burns around the nose and mouth; facial burns; singed nasal hairs
Bluish lips
Chest pain; cough; shortness of breath; difficulty breathing
Heart palpitations
Muscle twitching
Loss of Bladder or bowel Control
Seizures
Stupor
Unconsciousness

PURSE and CALENDAR-Uncommon Uses For Common Household Items

PURSE

Tool Carries- Use old purses to keep emergency tools in the boot of your car. To prevent the tools from rattling wrap them in fabric.

Needlework Kit- Store needles, cotton or wool, scissors and other sewing supplies in an old.

CALENDAR

Collage- Cut out pages or pictures from a calendar and slip them into picture frames. Or use them to cover old wooden or metal box.

Jigsaw puzzle- Glue a favorite calendar page on to a heavy piece of cardboard, and then cut into large pieces to make a jigsaw puzzle.

Place Mat- cut a page from an illustrated calendar, then backs it with a thick cardboard or cock board and covers it with plastic.

POPSICLE STICKS and BUTTONS-Uncommon Uses For Common Household Items

POPSICLE STICKS

Ruler- in lieu of a standard ruler uses a Popsicle stick as one.

Garden Marker- Use colored Popsicle sticks to mark vegetable plots.

BUTTONS

Toy House Decor- Use buttons as plates and wall hangings in your child’s doll house.

Kiddies’ Necklace- Make personalize necklace for children with buttons, alternating large and small buttons in same or different colors.

Beanbag Filler- Use small buttons instead of dried beans to fill homemade juggling bags.

HAIR DRYER-Uncommon Uses For Common Household Items

HAIR DRYER

Barbecue Starter- to fan waste charcoal briquettes in a barbecue, use hair dryer set on low.

Shoe Dryer- To fully dry the insides of sneakers, aim the nozzle of dryers set on low in each shoe.

Clothes Dryers- Dust off a high shelf or out of reach areas of electrical appliances with a hair dryer.

CLOTHES PIN- Uncommon Uses For Common Household Items

Fastener- Can’t finish off a big of chips or biscuits in one setting? Fasten the bag or package with a clothes pin to keep it fresh and crisp.

Bag Holder- for a quick waste disposal when out in the garden, nail two clothes pins to the garden fence and use them to hold open a plastic trash bag. Where you can toss leaves and other rubbish.

Freezer Bag Clips- If you can’t afford zip-freezer bags, use clothes pin to clip-close open bags of food in the freezer.

ADHESIVE TAPE- Uncommon Uses

Not everything we need in the house should be bought. If you look around, most household’s items can be used beyond their intended purpose. Clothes pins can double as bag clips, an old purse can be turned into a clever uses, you might say, but they work. And it doesn’t hurt try one of these days.

ADHESIVE TAPE

Stick on- Need to make Labels for some household items in a snap? Cut a piece of masking tape to desired length, stick it on and write the information on the non-sticky side. This is best freezer container, storage jars, boxes or plastic drawers.

Court marker- instead of colored chalks, mark up your driveway, patio or path for outdoor games with adhesive tape.

Pet hair collector- to remove pet hairs from an upholstered chair or sofa, wrap a length of tape around your hand, sticky side outwards, and run it over the surface.

Gripper- if your hand constantly slides when holding knife, tennis racket or tool, warps an insulating or masking tape around your hand for a better grip.

Crayon cover- wrap masking tape around crayons to prevent them from breaking.

Anti-skid cover-to reduce marks appearing on your vinyl or linoleum flooring, wrap an adhesive tape around the bottom of the legs of tables and chairs.